Nanofiber technology is one of the fastest growing areas in the material science and engineering fields. Recently, the research and development of nanofibers has been energetically carried out in many universities, institutions, and companies in Europe, America, and Asia. In Japan, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, NEDO, organized and conducted the project "Basic Technology for Fiber Materials Having Advanced Functions and New Structures (FY2006-FY2010)" The Laboratory for Innovation in Nanofibers was founded in October, 2007, to facilitate and support the NEDO project.